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Kayan kida na ƙaramin ƙarfe sun daɗe suna zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa, suna ba da zurfi, iko, da tushen sauti mai wadata wanda ke tallafawa da haɓaka sauti na gaba ɗaya. Tarihin su da juyin halitta ba kawai suna nuna ci gaba a cikin ƙirar kayan kida ba, har ma da canje-canje a cikin salon kiɗa, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon. Fahimtar tafiyar waɗannan kayan aikin daga farkon asalinsu zuwa siffofin su na zamani yana ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da rawar da suke takawa a cikin kiɗan mawaƙa a yau. Wannan fadada binciken ya gano asalin kayan aikin ƙaramin ƙarfe ta hanyar ƙarni na kirkire-kirkire, yana nuna mahimmancin su daga Renaissance zuwa kundin waƙoƙin zamani.

Tushen Kayan Waƙar Ƙananan Brass

Tushen ƙananan kayan aikin tagulla sun koma baya shekaru da yawa, sun samo asali daga ƙahoni masu sauƙi da ƙaho na halitta waɗanda aka yi amfani da su musamman don siginar da bukukuwan bikin. Kwanan ƙarfe na ƙarfe, gami da waɗanda suka riga suka kasance na zamani na zamani na zamani da tubas, an iyakance su ta rashin bawulinsu kuma sun dogara da jerin jituwa na halitta don samar da sautunan. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin tagulla na halitta a cikin yanayin soja da kotu kafin a haɗa su a cikin ƙungiyoyin kiɗa. Misalai na farko, kamar su Roman buccina da tsakiyar zamanai busine FLT:3, su ne sautunan kai tsaye waɗanda ke iya yin sautunan kaɗan kawai, galibi ana kiran su fanfares da kira.

Daga cikin kayan kida na ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙarfe da aka tsara musamman don kiɗa na fasaha, sackbutton ya bayyana a lokacin Renaissance. Ana ɗaukarsa magajin gaba ɗaya na zamani trombone. Sackbutts yana da tsarin slide na telescoping, wanda ke ba wa 'yan wasa damar daidaita sautin ci gaba. Wannan bidi'a ya sa su zama masu sassauƙa fiye da ƙahonin ba tare da bawul ba kuma ya ba da damar yin wasa da launi, wanda ya zama dole ga rikitarwa polyphony na Renaissance da Baroque music. Sackbutton ya ba shi ƙarami da ƙananan bango ya ba shi haske, ya fi haɗuwa da sautinsa idan aka kwatanta da na zamani, yana mai kyau don ninka muryoyi a cikin ayyukan choral. Maƙwabta kamar Giovanni Gabrieli sun yi amfani da sackbutton a cikin ayyukansa na antiphonal, suna amfani da ikon su na yin amfani da sararin samaniya.

Ci gaba a Zamanin Baroque da na gargajiya

A lokacin Baroque, an yi amfani da trombone a hankali, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da kiɗa mai tsarki da kiɗa na mawaƙa saboda sautinsa na solemn. Masu rikodin kamar Johann Sebastian Bach da Heinrich Schütz sun haɗa da trombones don wadatar da rubutun murya da ƙara nauyi ga ayyukansu. Bach ya yi amfani da trombone a farko a cikin cantatas da sha'awarsa, sau da yawa ninka alto, tenor, da layin murya na bass don ƙarfafa jituwa. An darajar da tsarin slide na kayan aiki don iyawarsa ta samar da santsi, juyawa, amma ƙuntatawa na fasaha kamar wahalar saurin saurin wucewa ya hana shi zama memba na yau da kullun na ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

A lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi, an ƙara yawan kayan kida na mawaƙa, kuma a cikin sautin mawaƙa na ƙarami, an ƙara yawan rawar mawaƙa. Trombone ya fara bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo, gami da ayyukan Mozart da Beethoven. Mozart ya gabatar da trombones a cikin wasan kwaikwayonsa na FLT:0 Don Giovanni da Requiem, ta amfani da duhu don yin kira ga abin da ke da ban mamaki da kuma bikin. Beethoven ya yi sananne da rawar mawaƙa uku a cikin Symphony No. 5, musamman a cikin motsi na huɗu, kuma ya yi amfani da su sosai a cikin Symphony No. 9.

Macijin, wani kayan aiki mai ban mamaki na iska mai ban mamaki wanda aka yi da itace tare da ramukan yatsun hannu, an yi amfani da shi tun daga karni na 16 don sassan bass a cikin kiɗa mai tsarki. A farkon karni na 19, rashin kwanciyar hankali da iyakantaccen ƙarfin ƙarfinsa ya haifar da neman muryar bass mai aminci. Ophicleide, kayan aikin tagulla mai maɓalli wanda aka ƙirƙira a 1817, ya zama farkon tuba kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin orchestras da ƙungiyoyin soja. Hector Berlioz ya rubuta don ophicleide a cikin Symphonie Fantastique, amma ya kuma yi tsammanin zuwan kayan aiki mai iyawa.

Juyin Juya Halin Valve da Fitowar Tuba

Fitar da bawul a farkon karni na 19 ya kawo sauyi ga kayan aikin tagulla. bawul ya ba wa 'yan wasa damar canza tsawon bututun da sauri, yana ba da damar cikakken ma'aunin chromatic kuma ya faɗaɗa damar kiɗa na kayan aikin tagulla. Kodayake gwaje-gwaje tare da tagulla mai ma'ana sun ci gaba, bawul ɗin piston wanda Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel suka mallaka a 1818 da bawul ɗin juyawa, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin shekarun 1830, ya ba da mafita mafi mahimmanci. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun ba da damar kayan aiki guda ɗaya don rufe cikakken zangon chromatic ba tare da saurin saurin sautin hannu ko slides ba.

FLT:0 tuba, wanda Wilhelm Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz suka yi waftisma a shekara ta 1835, ya zama sautin bass na yau da kullun a cikin orchestras. Ya maye gurbin tsofaffin kayan aikin lasifika na ƙarfe kamar ophicleide kuma ya ba da tushe mai ƙarfi, mai sauti. Tsarin tuba ya ba da damar yin amfani da yawancin abubuwan da ke faruwa da launuka masu sautin, wanda mawallafa suka rungumi, suna haɗa shi cikin wasan kwaikwayo, waƙoƙi, da waƙoƙi. Richard Wagner, a cikin neman manyan sauti na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ya ƙayyade tuba mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfe don Ring Cycle, yana ƙirƙirar ɓangaren ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙaran

A lokaci guda, euphonium FLT:0 ya bayyana a tsakiyar karni na 19, yana ba da wani zaɓi mai kyau na sauti tare da mai dadi, mafi kyawun ƙira. Kodayake ana alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin tagulla, euphonium ya sami amfani da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a wasu lokuta, musamman a cikin ayyukan Gustav Holst da Ralph Vaughan Williams. Valve trombone, tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi a kwatanta da slide, ya sami farin jini amma bai taɓa maye gurbin slide trombone a cikin ƙungiyoyi ba saboda bambancin sa a sauti da magana.

Kayan Waƙoƙi na Ƙaramin Zuba Jari na Yau a Ƙungiyoyi

A yau, ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa suna da kayan kida da yawa, kowannensu yana ba da halayen sauti na musamman.

  • Tombone: [1] Yawancin lokaci ana samunsa a cikin nau'ikan tenor da bass. Tombone na tenor shine misali, tare da diamita na kararrawa na inci 7 zuwa 8. Tombone na bass, wanda ke da manyan bututu da sau da yawa bawul biyu, yana ba da zurfi, mafi ƙarfi sauti ga ƙananan sassa. Tsarin slide ya kasance ba a canza ba tun zamanin sackbut, wanda aka daraja saboda bayyanar da shi da kuma sarrafawa mai motsi. Ana yin trombones na zamani na orchestral daga rawaya ko jan fararen fure, tare da slides na azurfa na nickel don karko.
  • Tuba: [1] Babban kuma mafi ƙarancin kayan aikin tagulla, tuba yana ɗaure sashin tagulla tare da zurfin sautinsa mai arziki. Tuba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna zuwa a cikin girma da yawa: F, E, CC, da BB. A Turai, F tuba na kowa ne saboda saurinsa, halayen waƙa, yayin da aka fi son tubas na CC da BB a Amurka saboda ƙarfin su da kwanciyar hankali a cikin mafi ƙarancin rajista.
  • Euphonium da Baritone Horn: FLT:1 [1] Duk da yake sun fi yawa a cikin rukunin iska, waɗannan kayan aikin wani lokacin suna bayyana a cikin saitunan kida, musamman a cikin kayan haɗin zamani waɗanda ke bincika sautin sauti daban-daban.
  • A wasu lokuta ana amfani da shi don ƙananan sassa, wannan kayan aiki yana faɗaɗa zangon trombone zuwa ƙasa. An buga shi a F, E, ko BB kuma ya bayyana a farkon karni na 20 don operas na Wagner. Kwanan nan na zamani don trombone na contrabass, kamar na Norman Bolter, suna nuna muryarsa ta musamman.
  • Fuskar bas da Cimbasso: Fuskar bas, wanda kuma ake amfani dashi a cikin ayyukan Wagner, yana ba da haske, ƙarancin murya. Cimbasso, wani kirkirar Italiyanci daga karni na 19, yana aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na contrabass mai bawul a cikin ƙananan zangon, yana ba da cakuda halayen trombone da tuba.

Masu rikodin zamani sun yi amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin fadada damar, suna rubuta sassan da ke nuna ƙwarewar fasaha, faɗaɗa zangon, da kuma nau'ikan maganganu daban-daban. Kayan aiki na ƙananan ƙarfe ya sa su zama dole ba kawai a cikin kundin gargajiya ba har ma a cikin waƙoƙin fim, jazz, da nau'ikan kiɗa na zamani. Misali, rawar trombone a cikin jazz da funk na babban rukuni, da kuma tubas amfani a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙarfe na New Orleans, suna nuna yadda waɗannan kayan aikin suka wuce iyakokin ƙungiyar mawaƙa.

Abubuwan da Suka Sa An Yi Kayan Waƙar Ƙarƙashin Gasa

Yawancin fasaha da ƙirar fasaha sun bayyana juyin halitta na kayan kida masu ƙananan ƙarfe. Kowace bidi'a ta magance iyakokin takamaiman kayan kida na baya, yana bawa mawaƙa da masu yin waƙa damar bincika sababbin damar kiɗa.

Tsarin Slide

An gabatar da slide tare da sackbut a cikin karni na 15, slide ya ba da damar sauya sautin sautin sautin da cikakken chromatism, yana saita trombone daga sauran kayan aikin tagulla. Ba kamar hanyoyin bawul ba, slide yana ba da ci gaba da glossando, tasirin musamman wanda mawallafa suka yi amfani da shi daga Monteverdi zuwa George Lewis.

Ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙwasa

An ƙirƙira bawul a farkon karni na 19, bawul din ya sauya kayan aikin tagulla, yana bawa 'yan wasa damar samun damar cikakken sikelin chromatic cikin sauƙi da daidaito. Nau'ikan bawul guda uku na asali piston, rotary, da kuma Berliner pumpkowa suna samar da juriya da sauti daban-daban. Ci gaban tsarin biyan kuɗi (misali, ƙirar Blikro a cikin euphoniums) da bawul na huɗu sun faɗaɗa zangon kuma sun inganta sautin a cikin rijistar ƙasa. Waɗannan hanyoyin sun sanya tuba da euphonium kayan aikin kida na aiki.

Ingantaccen Kayan Aiki da Kuma Yin Aiki

Ci gaba a cikin aikin ƙarfe da ƙirar kayan aiki a cikin karni na 20 ya haɓaka ƙira, ɗorewa, da kunnawa. Canjin daga kayan aikin hannu, sau da yawa ba daidai ba zuwa ƙirar da aka taimaka ta kwamfuta da ƙirar ƙira ya haifar da kayan aiki masu aminci. Zaɓuɓɓukan gami kamar fure-gami don launin duhu ko azurfa nickel don ƙarfin slide suna ba masu yin aiki damar tsara halaye na sauti. Laque na zamani da farantin azurfa kuma suna karewa daga lalata kuma suna shafar haskakawa.

Kayan aiki na dogon zango

Sabbin abubuwa kamar contrabass trombone, bass trumpet, da cimbasso sun faɗaɗa damar sauti da kuma zangon ƙananan ƙarfe.

Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin

Duk da yake ba wani sabon abu ba ne ga kayan aiki da kansu, ci gaban mutes musamman don ƙananan ƙarfe kamar madaidaiciya, kofin, harmon, da kuma mutes plunger ya faɗaɗa nau'in magana. Masu rikodin kamar Berio da Ligeti sun yi amfani da fasahohi masu yawa a kan trombones, ciki har da multiphonics, flutter-tonguing, da raira waƙa yayin wasa, ƙara wadatar da launi na sashin.

Matsayin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙ

Kayan kida na ƙaramin ƙarfe suna yin ayyuka masu muhimmanci a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Matsayinsu sun samo asali ne daga ƙarfafa muryoyin bass zuwa ga hadaddun, abubuwan da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayo na symphonic.

Ƙungiyar Harmoni

Kayan aiki na ƙaramin ƙarfe suna ba da layin bass wanda ke tallafawa ci gaban jituwa, yana tallafawa tsarin jituwa na kayan. A cikin kayan wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, tuba sau da yawa yana ninka ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

A cikin yawancin kayan kida, ƙananan kayan kida suna ba da gudummawa ga saurin saurin sautin tare da sautin da aka ƙayyade da kuma haɗuwa. Harin trumpone mai kaifi na iya bayyana siffofin sautin a cikin sassan tafiya, yayin da tuba staccato ke ba da layi mai ƙarfi. Shostakovich sau da yawa yana amfani da ƙananan ƙarfe a wannan matsayin, kamar a cikin motsi na ƙarshe na Symphony na Biyar.

Tasirin da Ya Yi Wa Mutane Mamaki

Sautin su mai ƙarfi na iya haifar da motsin rai wanda ya fara daga girma da ɗaukaka zuwa barazana da tashin hankali. Sashin ƙaramin ƙarfe a cikin Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries [1] ya ba da haushi mai ban tsoro, yayin da tuba mai baƙin ciki a cikin ƙarshen Mahler's Symphony No. 9 ya haifar da baƙin ciki mai zurfi. Mawallafin fina-finai kamar John Williams da Hans Zimmer sun dogara da ƙaramin ƙarfe don wasan kwaikwayo da jigogi masu ban mamaki.

Launi da Yanayin

Sautin sauti na bass trombones yana bambanta da zagaye mai santsi na tuba; euphonium, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, yana ba da muryar tenor mai ban mamaki a ɓangaren mawaƙa. Maƙwara kamar Mahler, Wagner, da Shostakovich sun rubuta sosai don ƙananan mawaƙa, suna amfani da damar su don haɓaka maganganun mawaƙa da kuma ƙarfin hali.

Masu rikodin zamani suna ci gaba da bincika sabbin ayyuka don ƙananan ƙarfe. Wasu ayyuka suna da tuba a matsayin kayan aiki na solo, kamar Vaughan Williams Tuba Concerto, yayin da wasu ke haɗa kayan lantarki ko abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo. Sashin ƙarfe na ƙarfe ba kawai murya ce kawai ba amma ƙungiya ce mai amfani a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, mai iya waƙa, jituwa, da tasirin bugun jini.

Ƙarshen

Tarihi da juyin halitta na ƙananan kayan kida suna nuna tafiya mai ban sha'awa wanda aka nuna ta hanyar kirkire-kirkire, daidaitawa, da binciken fasaha. Daga farkon sackbuts na Renaissance zuwa tubas da trombones na zamani, waɗannan kayan aikin sun ci gaba da tsarawa da wadatar da kiɗan ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Muryoyin su masu ƙarfi suna da mahimmanci ga sautin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, suna haɗa al'adun da suka gabata da kerawar zamani. Yayin da mawallafa da masu yin wasan kwaikwayon ke ci gaba da tura iyakoki, babu shakka ɓangaren ƙananan mawaƙa zai ɗauki sabbin ayyuka, ko ta hanyar fadada fasahohi, haɗin gwiwar multimedia, ko haɗuwa da yanayin sauti na lantarki.

Ga mawaƙa, mawallafa, da masu son kiɗa, godiya ga ci gaban kayan kida na ƙaramin ƙarfe yana zurfafa fahimtar kayan kida na mawaƙa da tasirin motsin zuciyarmu. Nazarin juyin halitta da suka shafi kayan aiki, da tsarin, da mahallin kiɗa ya bayyana yadda ƙwarewar ɗan adam ta juya kayan aikin siginar mai sauƙi zuwa kayan aikin da ke iya motsa rai. Yayin da fasaha da salon kiɗa ke ci gaba da haɓaka, ba shakka kayan kida na ƙarfe za su ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makomar mawaƙa, suna haɗa ƙarni na al'ada da damar da ba ta da iyaka ta mawaƙa ta gobe.