Tarihin Tuba da Yadda Ta Juya a Wakar

Muryar Kiɗa Mai zurfi: Tarihin Tuba da Juyin Halinsa

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tuba ta kasance mai ban mamaki, kuma ta kasance mai ƙwarewa sosai. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tuba ta kasance mai ƙwarewa sosai. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tuba ta kasance mai ƙwarewa sosai.

Tushen Tuba: Yadda Ake Warware Matsalar Bass

An haifi tuba daga takamaiman buƙata: a farkon karni na 19 ƙarni na lasifika da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba su da abin dogaro, mai ƙarfi, da kuma saurin yin wasa. Kafin tuba, mawaƙa da masanan ƙungiyar sun dogara da jerin maye gurbin da ba su gamsar da su ba. Maciji, kayan aikin iska na katako wanda ya fara daga ƙarni na 16, ya samar da sautin ulu da rashin daidaito. Ophicleide, kayan aikin lasifika mai mahimmanci wanda aka haɓaka a kusa da 1817, ya ba da ingantaccen sautin amma ya kasance da wahala a yi wasa a cikin sautin kuma ba shi da ƙirar a cikin manyan ɗakunan. Dukkanin kayan aikin sun yi gwagwarmaya don haɗuwa da ɓangaren lasifika masu girma na ƙungiyoyin soja da mawaƙa.

Wannan ci gaba ya faru ne a shekara ta 1835 lokacin da Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht, wani masanin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Prussia da mawallafi, ya yi aiki tare da mai yin kayan aiki Johann Gottfried Moritz don yin haƙƙin mallaka na farko. Tsarin su, wanda ake kira FLT:0 Basstuba, ya ƙunshi rami mai jujjuyawa da bawulolin juyawa, yana samar da cikakken sauti mai zurfi wanda zai iya tallafawa duka ƙungiyar.

An karɓi sunan "tuba" daga tsohuwar ƙaho na Roma, amma kayan aiki ba su da kamanceceniya da sunan sa. Zaɓin ya nuna sha'awar ƙirƙirar wani abu na asali - muryar bass na gaske ga dangin tagulla.

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Abubuwan da Suka Shafi Tsarin

Bayan kirkirarsa, tuba ta sami tsauraran bayanai. An fara amfani da kayan aiki na farko a F ko E kuma an yi amfani da bawul mai juyawa, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kayan aikin Jamus da Austrian. Yayin da tuba ta bazu zuwa Faransa, Ingila, da Amurka, masu ginawa sun yi gwaji tare da tsarin bawul daban-daban. bawul ɗin piston, wanda mai sana'a na Faransa François Périnet ya haɓaka, ya zama sananne a yankuna da yawa saboda saurin saurinsa da saurin amsawa. A cikin shekarun 1850, tubas suna samuwa a cikin filayen da yawa, gami da BB da CC, suna ba wa 'yan wasa zaɓuɓɓuka don yanayin haɗin daban-daban.

Hakanan girman ƙwanƙwasa ya samo asali. Tubes na farko suna da ƙananan ƙwanƙwasa, wanda ya samar da sauti mai haske. A tsawon lokaci, masana'antun sun faɗaɗa ƙwanƙwasa don ƙirƙirar duhu, zagaye sautin da ya zama ƙa'idar ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, bawul na huɗu, wanda ya zama gama gari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, ya faɗaɗa ƙaramin zangon kayan aiki kuma ya inganta intonation a cikin ƙananan rajista. Waɗannan canje-canjen ba kawai fasaha banesun canza tuba daga kayan aiki na layin bass zuwa murya mai ƙarancin sauti mai iya bayyana waƙa.

Tuba ta Shiga Waƙar Waƙoƙi

A farkon karni na 19, ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa ba su haɗa da wani ɓangaren tuba mai kwazo ba. Masu rikodin sun rubuta don ophicleide ko kuma kawai sun ninka ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar ƙarar

A ƙarshen karni na 19, mawallafa kamar Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, da Anton Bruckner sun rubuta sassa masu mahimmanci na tuba wanda ya nuna cikakken zangon sa. Mahler, musamman, ya yi amfani da tuba don duka ƙaruwar tsawa da kuma ƙarancin, ƙarancin solo.

Nau'in Tubas: Kayan Aikin da Ya dace da Manufar

Iyali na tuba ya ƙunshi kayan kida daban-daban, kowannensu yana da sautin asali daban-daban da girman jiki. 'Yan wasa suna zaɓar tuba bisa ga kundin waƙoƙi, ƙungiyar, da yanayin kiɗa. Mafi yawan nau'ikan sun haɗa da:

• BB Tuba: [1] Babban kuma mafi ƙarancin sautin tuba a cikin amfani na yau da kullun. Babban sautinsa shine B biyu octaves a ƙasa da tsakiyar C. BB tuba yana samar da babban, duhu sauti kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kida. Girmansa yana buƙatar ƙarin iska da ƙoƙari, amma sakamakon shine zurfin da ba a taɓa kwatanta ba.
• CC Tuba: [1] Ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan
• E Tuba: [1] An buga shi kashi huɗu sama da BB. E tuba ya fi ƙarami da haske, tare da haske, sauti mai ma'ana. Yana da daidaitaccen kayan aiki a cikin rukunin ƙarfe na Burtaniya kuma yana da mashahuri a cikin ƙungiyoyin matasa da aikin solo. Ƙananan girmansa yana sa ya kasance mai sauƙi ga matasa 'yan wasa.
• F Tuba: [1] F Tuba ne mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi girma a cikin dangin tuba. An darajar F tuba saboda halayenta na waƙa da murya kuma galibi ana amfani da shi don wallafe-wallafen solo da kiɗan ɗakin.
• Ƙaramar contrabass tuba: Har ma da girma fiye da BB, ana buga contrabass tuba a ƙarƙashin zangon tenor. Yana da wuya kuma ana amfani dashi kusan kawai a cikin ƙungiyoyi na musamman ko don takamaiman ayyukan kida waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙananan ƙananan mita.

Kowace irin wannan kayan aiki tana da nasa kundin waƙoƙi da kuma al'adun wasan kwaikwayon.

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Babu tarihin tuba da za a kammala ba tare da tattauna su ba, wanda shine mafi sanannen reshen kayan aiki. A ƙarshen karni na 19, sanannen shugaban ƙungiyar Amurka John Philip Sousa yana buƙatar kayan aiki na ƙarfe mai ƙarfe wanda za'a iya buga shi yayin tafiya. Tubas na gargajiya sun yi wuya sosai don ɗaukar su a cikin wani biki. Sousa ya yi aiki tare da mai yin kayan aiki J.W. Pepper don tsara tuba wanda ya kunsa a jikin mai kunnawa, yana kwanciya a kan kafada kuma yana ba da damar kararrawa gaba. An gina su a 1893, kuma kamfanin C.G. Conn daga baya ya inganta ƙirar zuwa tsarin da muka sani a yau.

Sautin sauti na sautin sauti yana da kyau ga masu sauraro, yana mai da shi mai kyau don yin wasan kwaikwayo a waje. Tsarin ergonomic na kayan aikin yana ba wa 'yan wasa damar yin tafiya ba tare da nauyin tuba na yau da kullun ba. Sautin sauti ya zama tushen ƙungiyoyin tafiya, ƙungiyoyin pep, da ƙungiyoyin tagulla a duk faɗin Amurka, kuma ya kasance ɗayan mahimman abubuwan gani na ƙungiyoyin tafiya na kwaleji da ƙwararru.

Duk da yake sousaphone ya bambanta da tuba, kayan aikin biyu suna da alaƙa sosai.

Tuba a ƙarni na 20: Daga Ƙararrawa zuwa Muryar Solo

Kawai Waƙar da Masu Kyau

A yawancin tarihinsa na farko, ana ɗaukar tuba kayan aiki ne. Masu rikodin ba sa rubuta waƙar solo don shi, kuma ana ɗaukar kayan aiki a matsayin muryar bass mai aiki kawai. Wannan ya fara canzawa a tsakiyar karni na 20. Majagaba masu rawar gani kamar William Bell, Harvey Phillips, da Roger Bobo sun goyi bayan kayan aiki a matsayin muryar solo. Sun ba da umarni ga sababbin ayyuka, sun rubuta kiɗa daga wasu kayan aiki, kuma sun nuna cewa tuba na iya zama mai sauƙi da kuma nunawa kamar kowane memba na dangin tagulla.

Ralph Vaughan Williams ya rubuta Tuba Concerto a F minor a 1954, wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ya kasance dutsen tushe na kundin murya na solo. Sauran abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ciki har da waƙoƙin Paul Hindemith, John Williams, da James Barnes. Waɗannan ayyukan suna buƙatar ƙwarewar fasaha, furcin waƙa, da ƙwarewar motsa jiki mai yawa wanda masu tubbing na karni na 20 suka yi aiki tuƙuru don haɓaka da haɓaka.

Jazz da Kiɗa Mai Faranta Mutane

Tuba kuma ta sami gida a jazz, musamman a cikin salon gargajiya na New Orleans da kuma daga baya a cikin ƙungiyoyin Dixieland. A farkon jazz, tuba sau da yawa tana wasa da layin bass, tana kwaikwayon rawar bass na ƙusa amma tare da ƙarin bugun jini, bugun kai. 'Yan wasa kamar George "Pops" Foster da "Slow Drag" Pavageau sun kasance masu tasiri wajen kafa tuba a cikin farkon rikodin jazz.

A tsakiyar karni na 20, ƙarar ƙaho ta maye gurbin tuba a cikin sashin rhythm na jazz, amma tuba ta sami farfadowa a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970s. Tubists ciki har da Howard Johnson da Bob Stewart sun kafa ƙungiyoyi kamar Gravity Band da Brass Fantasy, suna tabbatar da cewa tuba na iya aiki a matsayin murya ta baki ɗaya da kuma murya ta ƙungiya a cikin jazz na zamani. Ayyukan su sun faɗaɗa damar haɗin kai da kuma sautin kayan aiki, suna tasiri ga sabon ƙarni na masu kunnawa.

Matsayin Tuba a Wuraren Kiɗa na Zamani

A yau, tuba ta fi dacewa fiye da kowane lokaci. Matsayinta ya faɗaɗa a cikin nau'ikan, daga gargajiya zuwa gwaji, kuma masu kunnawa suna cikin mafi kyawun fasaha a duniyar kiɗa.

1. Kungiyar gargajiya: [1] The tuba ta kasance memba mai mahimmanci na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta symphony, ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Yana ƙarfafa layin bass, yana ba da zurfin jituwa, kuma wani lokacin yana shiga cikin hasken rana tare da solo.
2. Jazz da Big Band: [1] The tuba ya bayyana a cikin jazz na gargajiya, big bands, da kuma ƙungiyoyin jazz na zamani. Matsayinta ya fara daga waƙa mai sauƙi zuwa ingantaccen solo. 'Yan wasa kamar Bob Stewart da Marcus Rojas sun tura iyakar kayan aiki a cikin wannan magana.
3. [1] [2] [3] [4] [4] [5] [5] [5] [5] [6] [6] [6] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8]
4. Kayan kida na zamani da na gwaji: [1] FTL: 1 Masu rikodin zamani da masu yin wasan kwaikwayon suna bincika fasahohi masu yawa kamar su multiphonics, microtones, da sarrafa lantarki. Babban jikin murya na tuba yana amsawa da kyau ga waɗannan hanyoyin, kuma ayyukan mawaƙa kamar Sofia Gubaidulina da John Cage sun faɗaɗa damar sautin sa.
5. [1] [2] [3] [4] [4] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [6] [6] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [8] [7] [7] [7] [8] [7] [8] [8] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [9] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10]

A yau, ana horar da 'yan wasan a cikin salo da yawa kuma ana sa ran su yi komai daga rubutun ƙungiyar mawaƙa zuwa haɓaka jazz. Kayan aikin ya rasa sunansa na tarihi a matsayin kayan aiki na tallafi kawai kuma yanzu yana tsaye a matsayin murya mai daraja da kuma magana a kansa.

Mutanen Tubis da Suka Yi Amfani da Su

Yawancin masu yin wasan kwaikwayon sun tsara yanayin tuba na zamani. Harvey Phillips, wanda ake kira "Paganini na Tuba", sau da yawa mai ba da shawara ga kayan aiki. Ya ba da umarni sama da 200 ayyuka, ya kafa Ƙungiyar Euphonium ta Duniya, kuma ya kafa al'adun TubaChristmas. Roger Bobo ya kawo tuba zuwa sanannen duniya a matsayin mai kida, yana yin rikodi sosai da kuma gabatar da ayyukan mawaƙa ciki har da Luciano Berio da Heitor Villa-Lobos.

Ƙarshen

Daga kirkirarta a 1835 zuwa matsayinta na zamani a cikin nau'ikan, tuba ta sami ci gaba mai ban mamaki. Ya fara ne a matsayin mafita mai amfani ga muryar bass da ta ɓace a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙarni na 19 kuma ya girma ya zama kayan aiki mai amfani tare da wadataccen kundin sauti, wuri a cikin jazz da kiɗa mai mahimmanci, da rawar da ba za a iya takawa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba. An sake tsara ƙirar ta sau da yawa ta hanyar canje-canje a sautin sauti, tsarin bawul, girman bore, da ergonomics amma halayenta na asali ya kasance iri ɗaya: murya mai zurfi, dumi, mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da kiɗa a kusa da shi.

Sabbin kayan aiki, masu kunnawa masu kirkire-kirkire, da haɗin gwiwar tsakanin nau'ikan suna tabbatar da cewa ya kasance mai ƙarfin gaske a cikin kiɗa na zamani. Ko yana kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa, tuki da ƙungiyar tafiye-tafiye, ko bincika yanayin sauti na gwaji, tuba ya tabbatar da cewa muryar mafi zurfi na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun magana. Labarinsa shaida ne ga ƙarfin kirkirar kiɗa da kuma buƙatar da ke dawwama don tushe wanda ke riƙe da komai tare.