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Farin Cikin Muryar Zubaɗar: Daga Ƙa'idodin Tsohon Lokaci Zuwa Sackbut

Labarin ƙananan kayan kida ba a cikin zauren wasan kwaikwayo ba amma a cikin farkon muryoyin ƙahonin dabbobi, ƙahonin ƙaho, da ƙarfe da aka doke da aka yi amfani da su ta tsoffin al'ummomi don sadarwa, al'ada, da yaƙi. A lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kida na farko suka zama a cikin karni na 17, masu kera kayan aikin sun riga sun shafe ƙarni suna inganta ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin dangin ƙarfe: ƙirar ƙirar ƙira, ƙararra mai ƙira, da tsawon bututu wanda ke ƙayyade sautin. Juyin halitta daga na'urorin siginar zuwa kayan aikin waƙa labari ne na ƙirar ɗan adam da burin fasaha.

Tsohon asalin sashi na ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙar

A ƙarshen zamanin Baroque, duk da haka, sackbut ya faɗi daga ƙa'ida a cikin saitunan kida da yawa, an maye gurbinsa da maciji na FLT:0 (a cikin harshen Turanci) sautinsa ya kasance mai tsauri da rashin daidaituwa, duk da haka ya ba da muryar bass da ake buƙata a cikin majami'u da ƙungiyoyin soja. Ophicleide, wanda aka yi wa rajista a 1821, ya inganta kan sautin tare da jikin zamani da maɓallan da suka rufe babban ƙaho, daki-daki da kuma sautin sautin sautin.

Zamanin Tsohon Al'adu da na Romantic: Valves Usher a Sabuwar Zamanin

A cikin zamanin gargajiya na FLT: 1 an ga trombone, yanzu an gyara shi tare da slide mai kyau da ƙirar ƙirar ƙira mai kyau, ya koma waƙar mawaƙa. Duk da haka, amfani da shi ya iyakance ga wasan opera da ayyuka masu tsarki, galibi ana ajiye shi don lokuta masu ban mamaki na bikin da ba a sani ba.

A lokacin soyayya (kimanin 18201900) wani ruwa ne mai rarrabewa. Fitarwa da aikace-aikacen bawul na FLT:2 da farko na juyawa, sannan piston ya 'yantar da kayan kida na tagulla daga iyakokin jituwa na halitta. Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi zai iya buga kowane sautin chromatically ba tare da masu fashin kwamfuta ko gyare-gyaren slide ba, yana ba mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da sauƙin kai da kuma iko mai bayyanawa. Wannan bidi'a guda ɗaya ya canza ƙananan tagulla daga muryar tallafi zuwa launi na farko na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. An fara amfani da tsarin bawul, wanda masu kirkiro kamar Heinrich StölzelFLT:5 da kuma Frich BlühmelT:7]] suka fara amfani da shi a kan manyan ƙaho da ƙahoni kafin a daidaita shi don kayan aikin mawaƙa. An yi tasiri kai tsaye da kuma gwada tasirinsa.

Haihuwar Tuba

A 1835, mai kirkiro na Jamus Johann Gottfried Moritz da mai kula da ƙungiyar mawaƙa Wilhelm Wieprecht sun ba da lasisi ga flt:4 tuba, babban kayan aikin jan ƙarfe mai bawul wanda aka tsara don samar da muryar bass na gaske ga dangin jan ƙarfe. Tubar da sauri ta maye gurbin maciji da ophicleide a cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin soja. Zurfinsa mai zurfi da wadataccen sautinsa da kuma sabon saukin kirkirar chromatic ya sa ya zama dole. Richard Wagner, wanda koyaushe yana neman sabbin sautin, ba wai kawai ya rubuta manyan sassa a cikin sautinsa ba amma kuma ya tsara tsarin tsarin tsarin tuba na Wagner tare da ƙananan sautin tuba da ƙaho da ƙaho.

Ƙungiyar Trombone ta Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙara Ƙ

An sake tsara flt:2 bass trombone tare da wani babban bore, wani fadi bel, kuma daga baya wani na biyu bawul (D ko Eb) don samar da ko da mafi girma low-register iko da chromatic sauƙi. The misali Romantic orchestral sanyi ya zama biyu tenor trombones da daya bass trombone, a saitin da cewa shi ne na kowa a yau. Composers kamar Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, da Pyotr Tchaikovsky TFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFLTFL

Don tushen tushe game da ci gaban tsarin bawul, karanta wannan shigarwa ta Britannica akan bawul na kayan aiki na tagulla .

Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙar

A karni na 20th, FLT:1 ya kawo gwaji mai zurfi da fadadawa mai ban mamaki na ƙananan kayan kwalliya. Masu rikodin sun wuce jituwa ta sauti da kuma tsarin tsarawa na al'ada, kuma an kira kayan aikin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙarfe don samar da sababbin sauti da fadada fasaha. Abubuwan kirkire-kirkire kamar FLT:2 da aka zana daidaici, bawul din haɗin kirtani, da gami mai sauƙi FLT:3 sun inganta sautin, haskakawa, da jin daɗin mai kunnawa. Masu yin wasan sun rungumi dabaru ciki har da FLT:4flutter-tonguing, glissandi, multiphonics (na raira yayin wasa), kwata-tone bends, da kuma yawancin mutes (plunger, kofin, Harmon, bucket) FLT:5 wanda ba a taɓa jin sautin a cikin kiɗa ba.

Ƙungiya da kuma sababbin abubuwa na mawaƙa

Sassan ƙaramin ƙarfe sun zama mafi mahimmanci da ƙalubale. Igor Stravinsky [1] ya yi amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfe a cikin 'Rite of Spring' [2]. Leonard Bernstein [3] ya ba sashin ƙarfe a cikin 'Symphonic Dances from West Side Story' [3].

Nau'in Kayan Waƙar zamani

  • Tombon tenor: Tombon tenor: Tombon mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti mai saurin sauti
  • FLT:0: Bass trombone: Babban kayan aiki tare da bawul biyu (yawanci F da D / Eb), yana ba da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙananan rajista da sassauci. Trombones na yau da kullun suna ba da tsarin bawul mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da cikakken ƙarancin launi mai ƙarancin ƙasa zuwa pedal Bb da bayan.
  • ] Trombone na contrabass: An buga octave a ƙarƙashin tenor, ana amfani dashi don ƙarancin ƙaramin sauti a cikin ayyukan avant-garde da kuma ƙididdigar fim na lokaci-lokaci. Yana buƙatar babban tallafi na numfashi kuma yana samar da sauti mai girgiza kasusuwa.
  • Tuba (CC, BB, F, ko EE) (FLT:1]]: Tushen sashin lasifika; contrabass tubas (CC ko BB) sune daidaitattun a cikin manyan mawaƙa don zurfin su da kuma haskakawa. F tuba, tare da ƙaramin sautinsa da sautinsa, ana fifita shi a cikin kiɗan ɗakin da kuma kundin waƙoƙin solo saboda saurinsa da halayensa na waƙa.
  • Euphonium / Baritone horn: Wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin saitin mawaƙa don dumi, solo na waƙa ko don ninka ɓangaren trombone tare da ƙara mai ƙarfi. Euphonium yana da mahimmanci a cikin al'adun ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Burtaniya, amma sautinsa mai wadata ya sami wuri a wasu ayyukan mawaƙa na mawaƙa kamar Gustav Holst da Ralph Vaughan Williams.

A yau, mai kunna ƙaramin ƙarfe dole ne ya zama mai amfani, yana motsawa cikin sauƙi tsakanin kundin waƙoƙi na gargajiya, zaman fim da wasan bidiyo, jazz da big band, da kiɗan ɗakin zamani. Fahimtar ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi kamar amfani da ƙarfe na halitta a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na zamani yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda yake da masaniya game da fasahar zamani. Don ƙarin bayani game da juyin juya halin fasahar ƙarfe na ƙarfe na 20 da 21, duba FLT:2.

Koyarwa da Kuma Aiki: Koyar da Ƙananan Ƙasa a Karni na 21

A yau, koyarwar low-metal mai tasiri tana haɗuwa da mahimman abubuwan fasaha na gargajiya tare da sanin tarihi da kuma zane-zane mai bayyanawa. Dalibai dole ne su haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙwarewa wanda ke ba su damar yin amfani da nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban. Malami mai ƙarancin ƙarfe na zamani yana fuskantar ƙalubalen shirya ɗalibai don sana'a wanda ke buƙatar ƙwarewa mai zurfi da daidaitawa mai yawa.

Ƙwarewar Fasaha ta Musamman

  • FLT:0]] Tallafin numfashi da kula da iska: [1] Karancin ƙarfe yana buƙatar ci gaba, matsin iska mai ma'ana. Malamai suna jaddada motsa jiki mai tsawo, dakin motsa jiki na numfashi, da nazarin kwararar iska don gina ƙarfin diaphragm da kula da ake buƙata don jimloli waɗanda ke buƙatar girma da jimiri.
  • Fitarwa da fasaha na bawul: Masu kunnawa na trombone dole ne su haɓaka santsi, saurin motsa jiki tare da saiti mai kyau, yayin da masu kunna tuba da euphonium ke buƙatar haske, aikin bawul mai kyau da kai hari mai tsabta. Yin aiki da sikelin da arpeggios a cikin dukkan maɓallan tare da metronome yana da mahimmanci don gina saurin aiki.
  • Daga tenuto da staccato zuwa marcato, legato, da kuma karin magana, ɗalibai suna yin aiki da cikakken nau'in magana don dacewa da buƙatun fassarar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, ɗakin, da kuma kundin waƙa. Amfani da harshen biyu da na uku na FLT:3 yana da mahimmanci ga matakai masu sauri.
  • Tunatar da kunne da kuma sauraro: Kayan aikin ƙaramin ƙarfe suna gabatar da ƙalubalen ƙirar ƙira na musamman saboda dogon bututun su da kimiyyar sauti na ƙarfe. Aikin yau da kullun ta amfani da drones, aikace-aikacen saiti, da kuma motsa jiki na sauraro suna taimaka wa 'yan wasa su haɓaka ƙwarewar cibiyar saiti da daidaitawa da saitin ƙungiyar. Koyon wasa cikin jituwa tare da sashin ƙira musamman bassin biyu yana buƙatar kulawa ta yau da kullun don daidaitawa.

Nazarin Tsarin da kuma Magana

  • FIT: 0] Baroque da kuma gargajiya style: FLT: 1 ] Dalibai suna bincika tarihin tarihin tarihin tarihi tare da haske, sautin mai haske, ƙaramin vibrato, da kuma kulawa ga bayyanar rhythmic na nau'ikan rawa. Amfani da tagulla na halitta ko kwafin zamani a cikin ƙungiyar kiɗa na farko yana taimaka wa 'yan wasa su fahimci duniyar sauti ta asali.
  • Fitar da hankali ya koma ga mai arziki, sauti mai nunawa, vibrato mai bayyanawa, da kuma ikon riƙe doguwar magana mai ƙarfi wanda ke ɗaukar babban ƙungiyar mawaƙa.
  • FIT: 0 style na karni na 20 da na 21: [1] rungumi fadada dabaru, unconventional notation, da kuma improvisation abubuwa. yi aiki tare da graphic scores da kuma shirya sassa gina sassauci.
  • Jazz, pop, da kuma kasuwanci styles: FLT:1 Yawancin shirye-shirye sun haɗa da haɓaka, wasa mai girma, da fasahar zaman ɗakin karatu don gina duniya ta gaske. Bass trombone da tuba ninka akan bass na lantarki ko synthesizer kuma yana zama gama gari a cikin rikodin kasuwanci.

Haɗa Haɗuwa

Masu wasan ƙananan ƙarfe dole ne su koyi daidaita sautinsu a cikin babban rukuni. Ingantattun hanyoyin ilimin ilimi sun haɗa da sassan yau da kullun don haɗuwa da sautin da daidaita haɗin gwiwa, motsa jiki na sauraro da ke mai da hankali kan daidaito tare da igiyoyi da iska, da haɓaka daidaito na rhythmic yayin ninka layin bass. Fahimtar matsayin ƙaramin ƙarfe a matsayin duka biyu mai daidaitaccen anga da kuma injin mai motsa jiki [[FLT:]] yana da mahimmanci. Dalibai ya kamata su yi nazarin ƙimar mawaƙa don ganin yadda ƙananan sassan mawaƙa ke aiki dangane da sauran ƙungiyar mawaƙa tallafawa layin bass, ƙara nauyi ga ƙaruwar, ko samar da launi mai banbanci. Don cikakken tsarin ilimin ilimi, duba wannan albarkatun da aka keɓe ga ilimin ƙaramin ƙarfe [[TFL:5]].

Gidan Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙ

Daga farkon sauti na ƙahonin dabbobi da sackbut na slide-shop na Renaissance zuwa bawul, giants na chromatic na zamanin Romantic da kuma nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'

Ga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, masu ilimi, da masu sha'awar, fahimtar wannan juyin halitta yana wadatar da kowane sautin da aka buga. Yana ƙarfafa zurfin godiya ga nufin mawaki, ƙwarewar kayan aiki, da kuma fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Yayin da sabbin ayyuka ke ci gaba da tura iyakokin abin da ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙar