Matsayin Tuba a Waƙar Kiɗa

A matsayin babban kayan aiki na lasifika mafi ƙanƙanta, tuba tana da matsayi na musamman da mahimmanci a cikin kiɗan ƙungiyar mawaƙa. zurfinsa, sautunan murya suna ba da tushe wanda aka gina jituwa, yana wadatar da sauti gaba ɗaya kuma yana ƙara zurfin ga ƙungiyar. Fahimtar rawar tuba a cikin saitunan mawaƙa yana ba da haske game da mahimmancin kiɗa kuma yana nuna dalilin da ya sa ya kasance kayan aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban.

Tarihin Tuba a Wasan Kiɗa

Tushen da Juyin Halitta

An kirkiro tuba a tsakiyar karni na 19, a kusa da 1835, ta Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz a Prussia. An tsara shi don maye gurbin ophicleide, kayan aiki na lasifika mai mahimmanci tare da iyakancewa da ingancin sautin mara kyau.

A farkon, tubas sun zo a cikin siffofi da girma dabam, gami da "helicon" mai zagaye da kuma "sousaphone" madaidaiciya (wanda aka haɓaka daga baya don ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi). Tuba na zamani na zamani yawanci yana da ƙararrawa da ke fuskantar gaba da bawul mai juyawa (ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Turai) ko bawul ɗin piston (wanda aka fi so a cikin ƙungiyoyin Amurka). Wannan ci gaba ya ba da damar ingantaccen haskakawa da sautin, yana mai da tuba kayan aiki mai amfani ga mawaƙa.

Masu Rubuta Kayan Waƙoƙi Sun Yi Amfani da Su a Lokacin da Suka Fara

Richard Wagner yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na farko da suka rungumi tuba, ta amfani da shi a cikin Der Ring des Nibelungen don ƙara nauyi da girma. Giuseppe Verdi ya kuma haɗa tuba a cikin operas, kamar Aida da Otello, ta hanyar amfani da ikon ta na ƙarfafa layin bass da ƙirƙirar tashin hankali mai ban mamaki. A ƙarshen karni na 19, tuba ta zama memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mawaƙa, yana bayyana a cikin ayyukan Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner, da Richard Strauss.

A yau, tuba yana da tsammanin kasancewa a cikin orchestras, ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo, ƙungiyoyin jazz, har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na solo, yana nuna ƙwarewar sa da kyau.

Yadda Tuba's ke Aiki a Ƙungiya

Ƙungiyar Harmoni

A cikin kiɗa na ƙungiyar kida, tuba tana aiki ne da farko a matsayin muryar bass na ɓangaren lasifika, yana ƙarfafa jituwa da tallafawa sautin. Sautinsa mai ƙaranci, mai ƙarfi yana ba da tushe mai ƙarfi wanda ke ba da damar kayan aikin rijista mafi girma su motsa cikin 'yanci. Ba tare da tuba ba, ɓangaren lasifika na iya sauti mai laushi ko mai nauyi, musamman a cikin ɓangarorin ƙarfi. Masu rikodin sau da yawa suna rubuta tuba don ninka trombone ko contrabassoon na bass, yana ƙarfafa ƙarancin sautin jigo.

Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙ

Bayan jituwa, tuba yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga saurin saurin saurin. A cikin tafiye-tafiye da motsi masu sauri, tuba sau da yawa tana wasa da sashin bugun jini, yana mai da hankali kan downbeats ko samar da tsarin daidaitawa. Wannan haɗin gwiwa tare da timpani da bass drum yana haifar da bugun jini mai ƙarfi wanda ke tura ƙungiyar mawaƙa gaba. A cikin ayyukan da suka fi jinkiri, tuba na iya riƙe dogon sautin, yana ba da kwanciyar hankali wanda ke ba da damar layin waƙa su tashi.

Launi da Fata

Sautin tuba yana da wadatacce, duhu, da zagaye, mai iya haɗuwa cikin sauƙi tare da tagulla da iska ta itace. Sautinsa na iya haifar da motsin rai mai yawa daga bikin da ɗaukaka zuwa wasa da waƙa. Masu rikodin suna amfani da wannan ƙwarewar: a cikin Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, tuba tana ba da gudummawa ga aikin asali, yanayin ƙasa, yayin da a Vaughan Williams Symphony No. 5, yana ba da dumi, fararen fata.

Matsayin Solo da na Waƙoƙi

Duk da yake a farko kayan aiki ne na tallafi, tuba wani lokaci yana ɗaukar hasken rana. Bayanan wuraren solo sun haɗa da jigon tuba a cikin motsi na biyu na Mahler's Symphony No. 1 da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na tuba a cikin sashin tuba Mirum na Mozart's Requiem (wanda aka rubuta don maciji, amma yanzu ana yin shi akai-akai akan tuba). A cikin ayyukan zamani, mawaƙa suna ba da waƙar tuba a kai a kai wanda ke nuna yanayin sa na magana, yana nuna cewa ya fi kawai bass drone.

Manyan Mawallafa da Ayyuka da Suka Nuna Tuba

Yawancin mawaƙa sun gane halaye na musamman na tuba kuma sun haɗa shi a cikin ayyukansu. Ga wasu mahimman siffofi da kayan aiki:

  • Richard Wagner: [1] [2] A cikin opera, musamman Rheingold da Siegfried, [3] [4] ya yi amfani da tuba don ƙara nauyi da ƙarfi. Wagner har ma ya ba da umarni ga "Wagner tuba" na musamman (wani kayan aiki na haɗin gwiwa wanda ya haɗu da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙaho na Faransa da tuba) don sake zagayowar da yake yi na Ring.
  • Gustav Mahler: [1] Mahler's symphonies sau da yawa sanya tuba mai mahimmanci jigo. A cikin sa'a 6 na sa'a 3, tuba tana taka rawar gani a ƙarshen motsi mai jinkiri, kuma a cikin sa'a 7 ta sa'a ta scherzo tare da tsattsauran ra'ayi, rhythmic interjections.
  • Igor Stravinsky: The tuba taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin The Rite of Spring, yana ba da gudummawa ga aikin farko.
  • Ralph Vaughan Williams: [1] Ayyukansa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, gami da Symphony No. 5 da Fantasia on a Theme na Thomas Tallis, suna nuna tuba a cikin mahallin jituwa da na waƙa, suna jaddada ƙarfinsa na waƙa.
  • John Williams: A cikin waƙoƙin fim, tuba tana haskakawa a cikin ayyuka kamar Star Wars (Maris na Imperial yana da tuba da contrabass trombone) da Jurassic Park (FLT 5), inda tuba ke ƙara zurfin zuwa jigon mai girma.

Wadannan kayan da aka rubuta sun nuna yadda tuba take da sauƙin amfani da shi kuma tana iya motsawa fiye da kawai abin da ke tare da ita zuwa sassan solo.

Nau'in Tubas da Ake Amfani da Su a Ƙungiyoyin Kiɗa

Ba duk tubas ba ne iri ɗaya. Orchestras yawanci suna amfani da bambance-bambance da yawa don dacewa da kundin da yanayin sauti:

  • F Tuba: Wannan shi ne tuba na orchestral a yawancin orchestras na Turai. Yana ba da sauti mai dumi, mai sauƙi kuma an fi son shi saboda iyawarsa ta saurin magana a cikin babban zangon.
  • A mafi girma, zurfi kayan aiki na kowa a Amurka orchestras da concert bands. Yana samar da wani iko, asali bass da kuma shi ne mafi sauki a yi wasa a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci rajista.
  • CC Tuba: Very babban kuma pitched a C, wannan tuba ne sau da yawa amfani da solo da kuma zamani music saboda ta m amsa a fadin zangon.
  • Eb Tuba: Ƙananan kuma mafi girma, wani lokacin ana amfani dashi don ayyukan mawaƙa masu haske ko kuma matasa. Yana da wayo amma ba shi da zurfin tushe na manyan tubas.

Yawancin masu wasan tuba masu sana'a suna kula da kayan aiki daga matakai daban-daban don dacewa da ƙididdiga daban-daban da kuma zaɓin jagora. Zaɓin tuba na iya tasiri sosai ga sauti na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, musamman a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa kamar Bruckner, wanda ya rubuta don tuba na F musamman.

Dabaru da Ƙalubalen Masu Sukan Tuba a Ƙungiyoyi

Yin rawa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa yana bukatar a haɗa ƙwarewar fasaha, ƙwarewar kiɗa, da kuma jimiri.

  • FLT:0]]Rashin numfashi: saboda babban bore da zurfin sautinsa, samar da sauti mai daidaitawa, mai sarrafawa yana buƙatar kyakkyawan kula da numfashi.
  • Articulation da Clarity: Masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo dole ne su tsara bayanan da suka dace, musamman a cikin saurin wucewa ko lokacin wasa a cikin layi tare da trombones.
  • ]Dynamic Range: Tuba na iya wasa daga taushi, sautin sauti (pianissimo) zuwa tashin tashin hankali mai ƙarfi. Masanin wannan zangon yana da mahimmanci don haɗuwa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa; da ƙarfi kuma tuba ta rinjayi sauran jan ƙarfe, da taushi kuma ya ɓace.
  • Tonawa: Yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye madaidaicin sautin a cikin tarin tuba. Saboda tuba yana da yatsun hannu da yawa, dole ne 'yan wasa su sami kyakkyawan kunne kuma su daidaita bakin su da saurin iska don kasancewa cikin jituwa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa.
  • Ƙarfin: [1] Sau da yawa wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna buƙatar ci gaba da wasa a matsakaici zuwa ƙarfin ƙarfi, wanda zai iya zama mai wahala a zahiri. Gina ƙarfin hali ta hanyar dogon sautuna da daidaitaccen aiki shine mabuɗin.

Masu wasan tuba masu nasara suna haɗuwa da waɗannan ƙwarewar tare da ƙwarewar fahimtar ƙungiyar. Dole ne su saurari bas trombone, contrabassoon, da double bas don haɗuwa da kulle cikin sautin. Mafi kyawun masu tubal ba kawai suna da ƙarfi ba; suna da ma'ana, suna da waƙa, kuma suna da sassauƙa.

Dangantakar Tuba da Sauran Sassan Orchestral

A cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, tuba tana hulɗa da sassa daban-daban don ƙirƙirar yanayin sauti mai ɗorewa:

  • Ƙarƙashin ƙarfe: [1] The tuba anchors the brass, haɗuwa da trombones (musamman bass trombone), ƙahonin Faransanci, da ƙahonin don ƙirƙirar tsarin haɗin kai mai ɗamara. A cikin tarin abubuwa, tuba da bass trombone suna aiki azaman ɗayan bass guda ɗaya, suna ninka juna don ƙarfafawa.
  • [1] FLT:0]]Wodwinds: [2] FLT: 1]] Ko da yake iska ta itace tana ɗaukar manyan wurare, tuba tana haɓaka sautin su ta ƙara nauyi da daidaito. Misali, a cikin wani kirtani da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta cika, muryar zurfin tuba ta goyi bayan bassoon da contrabassoon, cike ƙananan sassan.
  • Kayan aiki: [1] [2] [3] [4] [4] [5] [5] [5] [6] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] [8] [7] [8] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [9] [9] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
  • FLT:0 Percussion: [FLT: 1] Rikicin rhythmic tare da kayan aikin bugun jini yana taimakawa wajen fitar da kuzari da kuma kara da lokutan ban mamaki.

Wannan haɗin kai yana nuna muhimmancin tuba a matsayin kayan aiki mai haɗawa, yana haɗa da lasifika zuwa wasu sassan yayin wadatar da kayan aikin kida. Masu rikodin sau da yawa suna amfani da wannan rawar biyu: tuba na iya aiki a matsayin memba na ɓangaren lasifika ko haɗuwa da bugun jini da ƙananan kirtani don ƙirƙirar babban, haɗin kai na ƙaramin sauti.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa da Tuba da Kuma Gudummawarsu

Kwararren shahararren masu ruwa da ruwa sun haɓaka bayanan kayan aiki kuma sun faɗaɗa kundin sa:

  • Arnold Jacobs (19151998): [1] Babban dan wasan tuba na Chicago Symphony Orchestra na tsawon shekaru 44, ana ɗaukar Jacobs ɗayan manyan masu wasan tuba na kowane lokaci. Koyarwarsa game da goyon bayan numfashi da furcin kiɗa ya rinjayi 'yan wasan rawa da yawa a duniya.
  • Roger Bobo (19382023): [1] [1] Bobo ya yi aiki sosai kuma ya yi rikodin, yana ba da umarnin sababbin ayyuka daga mawaƙa kamar Krzysztof Penderecki da John Cage. Ya kasance farkon mai tubal don yin waƙar solo a Carnegie Hall.
  • Gene Pokorny: [1] [2] [3] Babban dan wasan tuba na tsawon lokaci na Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Pokorny an san shi da sautinsa mai wadata da kuma fasaha mara wahala. Ya yi tuba solo a cikin Richard Strauss's 'FLT: 2 'Har ila yau sprach Zarathustra' [3] da yawa.
  • Oystein Baadsvik: [1] Wani dan wasan Norway mai fama da aikinsa na solo da kuma sanin ilimin Multiphonics (yana wasa da sautunan biyu a lokaci guda akan tuba). Ya faɗaɗa iyakokin fasaha na kayan aiki.

Waɗannan mawaƙa sun yi wa ƙarni da yawa na matasa masu yin tubal waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar waƙar wa

Tuba a Fim da kuma Kafofin Watsa Labarai na Zamani

Daga ƙarancin sauti mai ban tsoro a cikin FLT: 0 Jaws zuwa jaruntakar fanfares a cikin Star Wars, tuba wani abu ne mai mahimmanci na waƙoƙin fim. Ikonsa na samar da sauti mai haɗari da mai girma ya sa ya zama manufa don yin waƙoƙi masu ƙarfi. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai na zamani, tuba ya bayyana a cikin waƙoƙin wasan bidiyo (misali, The Legend of Zelda) da ma kiɗa na pop, inda masu fasaha kamar Beatles da Radiohead suka yi amfani da shi don tasirin tasirin yanayi na musamman.

Ilimi da Horarwa ga Masu Waka

Masu yin tub na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna farawa da ƙananan kayan aiki (kamar Eb tuba) kafin su koma manyan. Horarwar yau da kullun ta haɗa da darussan sirri, halartar ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kida, da kuma neman digiri na kiɗa (Bachelor, Master, ko Doctorate) a cikin wasan tuba.

  • Aikin yau da kullun akan atisayen fasaha don haɓaka ƙwarewar yatsunsu, magana, da nesa.
  • Fitarwa na Orchestral: (FLT: 1) Nazarin sassan daga kundin gargajiya (misali, ɓangaren tuba a cikin Mussorgsky's (FLT: 2) Hotuna a baje kolin (FLT: 3) ko Tchaikovsky's (FLT: 4) Symphony No. 5 (FLT: 5)).
  • Music: Yin wasa a cikin quintets na tagulla ko tuba-euphonium ƙungiyoyi yana taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewar sauraro da haɗuwa.
  • Kwararru: [1] Koyon daga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙ

Makarantun da suka yi suna da shirye-shiryen tuba masu ƙarfi sun haɗa da Juilliard School, Jami'ar Arewacin Texas, da Royal Academy of Music. Yawancin masu wasan tuba masu nasara suna halartar bukukuwa na bazara kamar Makarantar Waƙar Yammacin Turai ko Tumba / Euphonium Conference wanda ƙungiyar International Tuba Euphonium Association (ITEA) ta shirya.

Ƙarshe: Muhimmancin Tuba a Wasan Kiɗa

Aikin tuba a cikin kiɗan mawaƙa yana da mahimmanci da kuma aiki mai ƙarfi. Sautinsa mai zurfi, mai sautin murya yana ba da mahimmancin jituwa da ake buƙata ga dukkanin ƙungiyar, yayin da solo da layin sa na lokaci-lokaci ke nuna ƙarfinsa. Ga mawaƙa da jagora iri ɗaya, tuba tana ba da murya mai sauƙi wanda zai iya isar da iko, dumi, da kuma taushi.

Ga mawaƙa da masu sauraro, tuba ta kasance kayan aiki wanda ke wadatar da ƙwarewar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, yana tabbatar da cewa kiɗa yana da ma'ana tare da cikawa da zurfin motsin rai. Ko yana tallafawa jituwa ko shiga cikin hasken wuta, gudummawar tuba zuwa kiɗa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba ta da mahimmanci kuma ba ta da lokaci. Yayin da fasahar kayan aiki da aikin wasan kwaikwayon ke ci gaba da haɓaka, tuba ba shakka za ta kasance dutsen tushe na ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa don tsararraki masu zuwa.