Table of Contents

Kayan kida na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami na ƙarami

Tushen Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin

Hanyar da ƙananan kayan aikin tagulla suka bi daga na'urori masu sauƙi na sigina zuwa cikakkun muryoyin mawaƙa ba su da sauri ko madaidaiciya. A cikin Baroque da farkon zamanin gargajiya, kayan aikin tagulla sun kasance na halitta lacking valves ko slides kuma suna iya yin jerin sauti kawai. Amfani da su ya kasance cikin babban al'ada: fanfares, kira na soja, ko ƙarfafa dukkan sassan. Trombone, wanda ya wanzu tun daga Renaissance a cikin nau'in sackbut, an yi amfani da shi ne a cikin kiɗa mai tsarki da opera don yin kira ga abubuwan da suka wuce dabi'a ko na yau da kullun, amma ba safai yake shiga cikin rubutun symphonic.

Zamanin da Ya Fito Daga Gaban Valve

Ba tare da bawul ba, abubuwan da ke cikin chromatic ba zai yiwu ba. Maƙalla kamar Mozart da Haydn sun rubuta a hankali don lasifika, suna iyakance su ga sautin sauti da kuma jituwa mai rinjaye. Sashin lasifika mai ƙarancin kamar yadda muka sani ba shi da mahimmanci. Ko da Beethoven, a cikin amfani da shi na farko na trombones a ƙarshen Symphony No. 5, ya yi amfani da su ne kawai don yin amfani da su. Kayan aikin lokacin suna da iyakance a cikin zangon, sassauci, da kuma sautin motsi, kuma rawar ƙananan lasifika ta kasance a bango. Sackbuts sauti mai laushi zai iya haɗuwa da muryoyi amma bai da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don manyan ƙaruwar orchestral.

Juyin Juya Halin Valve da Tasirinta

Fitar da bawul din piston a farkon karni na 19 wanda Heinrich Stölzel da Friedrich Blühmel suka fara a kusa da 1814 ya canza komai. Ba zato ba tsammani masu wasan rawa zasu iya samar da sikelin chromatic kuma suyi wasa da saurin igiyar itace. An gyara bawul din kuma aka yi kasuwanci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya ba masu kera kayan aiki damar tsara tuba (wanda Wilhelm Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz suka mallaka a 1835) da kuma zamani trombone tare da Fement da kuma fassarorin trombone na bass. Masu rikodin sun yi sauri suyi amfani da waɗannan sabbin damar.

Yadda Tuba da Trombone na Yau Suka Fito

Gabatarwar tuba ta ba wa ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa ainihin tushe na bass wanda zai iya riƙe dogon waƙa, haɗuwa da madauri, da kuma yin aiki da ƙarfi a cikin ƙaruwar. Masu rikodin kamar Richard Wagner da Hector Berlioz sun yi amfani da ƙarfin kayan aikin. Trombone, a halin yanzu, ya samo asali daga kayan aiki na musamman na coci zuwa murya mai iya duka ƙamus na jarumi da tausayi na lyrical. Bass trombone, tare da fadi da ƙananan zangon, ya zama kayan aiki na musamman a cikin ƙarshen Romantic, yana ba da damar ɓangarori waɗanda ba za su yiwu ba a kan tenor trombone kadai. Euphonium, galibi ana amfani da shi azaman murya ta solo a cikin ayyuka kamar Holsts FlT:0 The Planets FlT:1 (inda ya bayyana a cikin Uranus, da Magician), murya mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ƙara ƙarancin zangon ƙarni na 19 wanda muke ɗauka cewa a yau mun gane ƙananan zangon brass da ƙananan zangon, da kuma ƙananan zangon.

Abubuwan da Aka Yi Daga Ƙarƙashin Tagulla da Kuma Labaran Tarihi

Richard Wagner Das Rheingold : The Tuba Solo a cikin Hasken Rana na Musical Drama

Wagner's Das Rheingold (first released 1869) ya buɗe wa mawaki babban zane-zane na Ring Cycle (FLT:2). Gabatarwa ya nuna zurfin zurfin Kogin Rhine, kuma tuba solo wanda ya fito daga ƙananan kirtani da bassoon yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon sanannun maganganun waƙa don kayan aiki. Wagner bai gamsu da yin amfani da tuba kawai a matsayin ƙugiya mai jituwa ba; ya bukaci ya raira waƙa.

Tarihi, wannan rubutun ya nuna wani muhimmin canji. Wagner ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin ci gaban abin da ake kira Wagner tuba (wani kayan aiki na hybrid wanda masu wasan ƙaho ke wasa), amma ainihin ɓangaren tuba a cikin Rheingold ya nuna sha'awarsa don bambancin bass wanda zai iya ɗaukar nauyi mai ban mamaki.

Hector Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique: Tuba a cikin Maris zuwa Scaffold

Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique (FLT: 0) (1830) alama ce ta ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma ɓangaren tuba a cikin Maris zuwa Scaffold yana tsaye a matsayin ɗayan farkon kuma mafi kyawun amfani da kayan aikin. An rubuta shi kawai 'yan shekaru bayan ƙirƙirar tuba, Berlioz ya rubuta wani ɓangare wanda ke maye gurbin tsakanin sardonic, kamar yadda ake gani da kuma duhu, ɓangarori masu ɓarna. Mai rikodin ya bayyana sha'awarsa ga ikon tuba don samar da sautin tuba, kuma ya yi amfani da shi a nan don jaddada saurin mai suna zuwa aiwatarwa.

Mahimmancin tarihi ya kasance a cikin shirye-shiryen Berlioz don sanya sabon kayan aiki a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo, rawar waƙa maimakon kawai tushe. Fitarwa yana buƙatar daidaito mai sauƙi, mai sarrafawa, da sauti wanda ke yankewa amma ya zagaye. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Berlioz ta rinjayi mawaƙa na baya kamar Wagner da Strauss, suna ƙarfafa wurin tuba a matsayin muryar wasan kwaikwayo. Ga 'yan wasan zamani, nazarin wannan rubutun yana ba da haske game da ayyukan mawaƙa na Romantic na farko, inda aka yi amfani da alamun motsa jiki da kuma magana tare da niyyar wasan kwaikwayo.

Gustav Mahler Symphony No. 3, Motsi na hudu: Trombone a matsayin Muryar Binciken Rayuwa

Mahler's Symphony No. 3 (kammala 1896) yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan symphonic da aka taɓa tunani, kuma motsi na huɗu ya ƙunshi solo na trombone wanda ya zama dutse mai mahimmanci ga masu wasan kwaikwayo na orchestral. Solo ya bayyana bayan wani abu mai ban mamaki, na dare, kuma an sanya wajansa mai tsawo, kalmomin da aka rubuta sehr getragen (mai dorewa). Mahler ya rubuta wannan motsi a matsayin saitin Nietzsches Midnight Song daga FLT:0.

Taron zamani na zamani yana da mahimmanci a nan. Kiɗa na Mahler yana da zurfin tarihin kai, yana fama da rayuwa, mutuwa, da wucewa. Solo na trombone yana wakiltar lokacin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin zurfin

Johannes Brahms Symphony No. 2, Mataki na Uku: Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙar

Brahms's Symphony No. 2 (1877) ya bambanta da rikice-rikice na Symphony na Farko. Mataki na uku shi ne pastoral Allegretto grazioso wanda ƙananan ƙarfe, bass trombones, da tuba suna ba da goyon baya mai dumi da kuma wasu ɓangarorin waƙa. Rubutun yana da iyaka, yana nuna halayen Brahms na halayen halayen bayyanar gargajiya tare da nuna ƙauna. Ga bass trombone da tuba, ƙalubalen suna cikin haɗuwa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, sarrafa motsin rai a tsakiyar zangon, da kuma magana da daidaito.

Wannan rubutun ya nuna yanayin yanayin lokacin: an ga ƙungiyar mawaƙa a matsayin ƙungiyar haɗin kai, kuma ana tsammanin ƙananan ƙarfe za su tallafawa maimakon mamayewa. Ilimin Brahms na ƙwarewa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ya sa aka sanya kowane sautin a hankali. Sassan suna buƙatar sauti mai zagaye da cikakke amma ba a taɓa yin ta ba. Tarihi, an rubuta wannan wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin jin daɗin sirri ga Brahms, kuma yanayin da ke cikin motsi yana nuna wannan yanayin. Masu kunnawa waɗanda suka fahimci wannan suna iya tsara kalmomin su don dacewa da pastoral, ruhun kirki na kiɗa. Bugu da ƙari, Brahms ta amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfe yana nuna ƙarin rubuce-rubucen mawallafan Romantic kamar Anton Bruckner, wanda sau da yawa ya ba da ƙaho kamar ƙaho a cikin waƙoƙin sa na ƙarshen.

Igor Stravinsky Aikin bazara: Farko da sake bayyana tagulla

A farkon 1913 The Rite of Spring ya haifar da tashin hankali, kuma ƙananan sassan lasifika suna da mahimmanci ga tasirin fashewar aikin. Rubutun trombone da tuba ba shi da iyaka: sautin sautin, bambance-bambance masu tsananin ƙarfi, da sautin murya wanda ke tura kiɗa gaba ta hanyar da ba a taɓa ji ba. Stravinsky ya lalata rawar gargajiya ta lasifika, yana amfani da su azaman bugun jini, ƙarfin sautin maimakon muryoyin jituwa ko na waƙa.

Ba za a iya yin tsinkaye ba a mahimmancin tarihi na wannan yanki. Ya nuna zuwan zamani, yana ƙin wadatar da jituwa da kuma fadada tsarin magana na Romanticism a cikin fa'ida ga rashin jituwa, ostinato, da kuma mita mara tsari. Ga masu wasan bassin ƙarami, ɓangarori daga FLT:0 The Rite of Spring [1] suna gwada jimiri, daidaito na kiɗa, da ikon samar da hankali, mai kaifin baki ba tare da rasa iko ba. [2] Fahimtar juyin juya halin al'adu da fasaha na farkon karni na 20 [3] yana da mahimmanci don aiwatar da waɗannan ɓangarorin tare da ƙarfin da ya dace. Kiɗa yana buƙatar makamashi mai mahimmanci wanda ke nuna al'adun gargajiya na ballet, kuma ƙananan ƙirar bassa suna cikin zuciyar wannan furcin.

Ƙarin Bayani Mai Muhimmanci

Duk da yake abubuwan da ke sama sune tushe na ƙananan kayan kwalliya, wasu da yawa sun cancanci zurfin bincike. Maurice Ravels [1] FLT:2 [1] Bolero [2] FLT:3 ya ƙunshi wani gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar gwagwarmay

Muhimmancin Sanin Tarihi ga Masu Wasa da Ƙananan Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙar

Nazarin mahallin tarihi na waɗannan ɓangarorin yana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ga masu yin wasan kwaikwayo. yanke shawara game da maganganu, magana, da kuma matakai suna zama mafi ƙwarewa lokacin da aka kafa su a duniyar mawaki. Misali, sanin cewa an tsara solo na Wagner tuba don tayar da zurfin kogi yana ba da shawarar nauyi, sauti mai ban mamaki maimakon haske, tsarin rhythmic. Fahimtar sha'awar Mahler ga Nietzsche yana taimaka wa mai rawar jiki ya tsara solo a matsayin tambaya ta rayuwa maimakon nuna virtuosity. Hakazalika, fahimtar cewa an rubuta ɓangaren tuba na Berlioz lokacin da kayan aikin ya kasance sabon abu kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa raw zai iya ƙarfafa 'yan wasa su rungumi raw, wasan kwaikwayo na hali ba tare da tilasta wa mai son sauti ya zama mai kyau ba.

Kyakkyawan salo yana ingantawa idan 'yan wasa sun gane cewa kowane lokaci yana da nasa al'ada. Waƙar soyayya sau da yawa tana buƙatar cikakken vibrato da jimloli masu faɗi, yayin da ɓangarorin zamanin gargajiya (kamar Mozart's trombone parts) suna buƙatar sauti mai laushi, mai faɗi. Ayyuka na zamani suna buƙatar daidaito mai sauƙi da kuma son bincika sautin da ba na al'ada ba. Ilimin tarihi kuma yana taimakawa wajen shirya fasaha: sanin cewa an rubuta sassan Rite of Spring 'FLT: 1 don kayan aiki tare da ƙananan girma daban-daban da siffofin baki na iya shafar zaɓin kayan aiki da dabarun motsa jiki na ɗan wasa. Misali, wasu 'yan wasa suna son babban murya don ɓangarorin Stravin don cimma aikin da ake buƙata, yayin da wani saitin da ya fi dacewa da Brahmski zai iya daidaitawa da kayan aiki.

Matakai Masu Kyau don Yin Nasara a Labarin Tarihi

  1. Karanta tarihin rayuwar mawaƙa da kuma lokacinsa. Karanta tarihin rayuwar mawaƙa da wasiƙun. Fahimci tsarin siyasa, zamantakewa, da fasaha wanda ya tsara kiɗa. Misali, karanta game da sha'awar falsafar Mahler yana haskaka nauyin motsin zuciyarsa na solo na trombone.
  2. ] Saurari rikodin rikodin da yawa. ] Kwatanta fassarar da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da masu sauraro suka yi. Ka lura da yadda saurin, vibrato, da magana suka bambanta a cikin shekarun da suka gabata da al'adu. Rikodin Stravinsky na shekarun 1930 wanda mawaki kansa ya gudanar yana ba da haske game da yanayin da aka nufa da farko.
  3. Bincika cikakken ƙimar. Duba yadda ɓangaren ƙaramin ƙarfe ke hulɗa da sauran sassan. Duba inda mawaki ya sanya alamun motsi da alamun magana. Sakamakon Berlioz sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da cikakken bayanin aikin da ke bayyana niyyarsa.
  4. [1] Littattafan orchestration na farkon karni na 20 (na Rimsky-Korsakov, Berlioz-Strauss) suna ba da haske game da yadda mawallafa suka kalli kayan kida na lokacin.
  5. [1] Don rubutun soyayya, yi aiki akan sautin da aka ci gaba da shi. Don rubutun zamani, mai da hankali kan kwanciyar hankali da tsananin motsi. Gwada vibratoless vibrato don rubutun da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi na Baroque, ƙari ga ayyukan Romantic na ƙarshen.
  6. ]Bincika Bayani daga Masu horarwa. ] Malamai masu ƙwarewa na iya ba da shawara ta mahallin: Wannan rubutun Mahler ya kamata ya zama kamar layin murya, ko Domin siffar Stravinsky ta buƙaci yin bugun jini. Hakanan zasu iya ba da shawarar rikodin da ke nuna salon.

Yin amfani da waɗannan matakai a cikin aikin yau da kullum yana gina dangantaka mai zurfi da kiɗa kuma yana sa wasan kwaikwayo ya fi sha'awa.

Ƙarshen

Shahararrun rubutun mawaƙa don ƙananan ƙarfe ba gwaje-gwaje ne na ƙwarewa ba ne. sune mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi kiɗa waɗanda ke ba da takaddun juyin halitta na kayan aiki da hangen nesa na kirkira na wasu daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na tarihi. Daga Wagner's tuba solo zuwa juyin juya halin zamani na Stravinsky, kowane sashi yana ɗaukar nauyin zamanin sa. Masu ƙarancin mawaƙa waɗanda ke ba da lokaci don fahimtar yanayin tarihi a bayan waɗannan ayyukan za su sami ƙarin ƙwarewa ta fasaha; za su haɓaka ƙwarewar kiɗa mai zurfi, wanda ke haɗa su da wadatar al'adun labarin mawaƙa. Cikakken hanyar shirya rubutun wanda ya haɗu da ilimin tarihi, ƙwarewar salo, da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa cewa wasan kwaikwayon na ainihi ne, mai ƙarfi, da dawwama. Ko shirya don sauraron taro ko tarihin, bari ya zama jagorarku.