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Fahimtar Tushen: Menene Ya Sa Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙar Kayan Waƙa?

Kayan aiki na ƙaramin ƙarfe sune ƙirar sauti na kusan kowane ƙungiyar da ke haɗa su. Yin aiki a cikin bass da baritone rajista, waɗannan kayan aikin suna samar da mita waɗanda galibi ba a lura da su da kansu amma suna da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar cikakkiyar, wadataccen yanayin jituwa. Iyali ya ƙunshi tuba, euphonium, bass trombone, baritone horn, da kuma mafi ƙarancin contrabass trombone. Kowane kayan aiki ya samo asali don cika takamaiman sarari, daga tushen guguwa na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta mawaƙa zuwa yanayin zafi na mawaƙa.

Duk da yake duk kayan aikin ƙaramin ƙarfe suna da haɗin ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe da kuma murya wanda ke samar da sauti ta hanyar lebe mai busawa, bambancin su a cikin siffar ƙwanƙwasa, tsawon bututu, da kuma tsarin wasa suna shafar launi, kewayon, da kuma saurin sa. Fahimtar waɗannan nuances yana taimaka wa malamai su jagoranci ɗalibai, mawaƙa su rubuta yadda ya kamata, kuma masu sauraro suna godiya da ƙwarewar da ke bayan kiɗa.

Tarihi na Ƙananan Tagulla

Ci gaban kayan kida na ƙaramin ƙarfe yana nuna juyin juya halin kiɗa na Yammacin Turai. Tsoffin magabata kamar maciji da ophicleide sun ba da tallafi ga bass a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19. An ba da tabbacin tuba ta zamani a 1835 ta Wilhelm Wieprecht da Johann Gottfried Moritz, kuma da sauri ya maye gurbin ophicleide a cikin ƙungiyoyi saboda ingancin sa da ƙarfinsa. Euphonium, wanda aka ƙirƙira a kusan lokaci guda, ya fito ne daga dangin saxhorn da Adolphe Sax ya haɓaka, yana ba da muryar tenor tare da ƙirar ƙira wanda ya samar da dumi, sautin waƙa.

Bass trombone yana da tarihi mai tsawo, tare da siffofin farko da suka bayyana a Renaissance, amma kayan aikin zamani tare da manyan bore da ƙarin bawul din an kammala su a karni na 20 don biyan bukatun manyan mawaƙa da manyan ƙungiyoyin jazz.

Bayani na Kowane Kayan Wuta Mai Ƙarfin Zuba Jari

Tuba

Tubes ne uncontested giant na gidan lasifika. Its m bututu, flared bel, da kuma deep cup bakin aiki samar da mita kamar yadda low kamar E1 (game da 41 Hz) da kuma ko da kasa a kan wasu model. Tubes suna gina a daban-daban keys: BB (mafi kowa a Amurka bands), CC (talam a Amurka orchestras), E, da kuma F (sau da yawa amfani a karami Ensembles ko ta soloists).

  • A cikin ƙungiyar, tuba shine tushen haɗin kai, sau da yawa sau biyu bas bas, cello, ko ƙaho a cikin octave. A cikin ƙungiyoyin tafiye-tafiye, sousaphonea tuba bambance-bambancen da aka tsara don kunsa a kusa da mai kunnawayana ba da tallafin bas mai motsi.
  • Famous compositions: The tuba yana da sanannen kundin waƙa kamar Vaughan Williams Tuba Concerto kuma ya ƙunshi sassa a cikin ayyuka kamar Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition da Mahler's symphonies.
  • 'Yan wasa don sani: Roger Bobo, Gene Pokorny, da Carol Jantsch (babban tuba na Philadelphia Orchestra) sun sake bayyana damar kayan aikin.

Ƙarfin ƙanƙara

Sau da yawa ana kiranta cello na dangin tagulla, euphonium yana haɗuwa da kewayon muryar baritone tare da santsi mai ban mamaki, mai shimfiɗa. Babban ƙirar ta mai faɗi (yawanci.580 inci ko mafi girma) da kuma zurfin murfin murya ya bambanta shi da ƙahon baritone mai haske.

  • A cikin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na Burtaniya, euphonium shine babban muryar solo. A cikin ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, galibi yana zaune tsakanin trombones da tubas, yana samar da cakuda matsakaiciyar rikodin da ke ƙara zafi ba tare da mamayewa ba.
  • Famous compositions: The Euphonium Concerto na Joseph Horovitz da Philip Wilby s Paganini Variations na Paganini sune tushe na wasan kwaikwayo na solo.
  • 'Yan wasa don sani: Brian Bowman, Steven Mead, da David Childs suna da daraja saboda fasaha da kuma goyon bayan su.

Bass Trombone

Bass trombone yana faɗaɗa zangon trombone s na tenor zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar babban bore (yawanci.562 inci ko mafi girma) da bawul ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda ke sake tura iska ta hanyar ƙarin bututu. Yayinda yake amfani da slide kamar ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa, an gina bass trombone don samar da iko, mai hankali low rajista wanda zai iya yin tunani ta cikin cikakken kayan aikin kida.

  • A cikin ƙungiyoyi, bass trombone sau da yawa yana ƙarfafa ɓangaren bass trombone (idan an buƙata) kuma yana wasa da layin bass masu zaman kansu. A cikin jazz big bands, yana ƙarfafa ɓangaren trombone kuma ana kiran shi sau da yawa don wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma siffofin rhythmic.
  • Famous compositions: Mahler's symphonies (musamman No. 2 da No. 5) suna da shahararrun sassan bass trombone. Hotunan fina-finai na zamani kamar John Williams Star Wars da Howard Shore na Lord of the Rings suna dogara da bass trombone don iko.
  • 'Yan wasa don sani: George Roberts, Douglas Yeo, da James Olin sune masanan kayan aiki.

Ƙarƙashin Baritone

Ana rikitar da ƙaho na baritone tare da euphonium, amma ƙaramin ƙaho (yawanci.500 zuwa.525 inci) da bututun silinda suna samar da haske, sauti kai tsaye. Yana da misali a cikin ƙungiyoyin lasifika na Burtaniya kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙungiyar makaranta saboda nauyinsa da ƙaramin girmansa.

  • A cikin ƙungiyoyin tagulla, ƙaho na baritone yawanci yana wasa da layi na jituwa wanda ke haɗuwa da trombones da euphoniums. Sautinsa mai haske yana yankewa ta hanyar ƙungiyar, yana mai da shi da amfani ga countermelodies da siffofin rhythmic.
  • Kyakkyawan abun da ke ciki: [1] Yawancin kayan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙungiyar mawaƙa suna da sassan ƙaho na baritone; kayan aikin kuma suna bayyana a cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa kamar Gustav Holsts First Suite a E .
  • 'Yan wasa su sani: Duk da yake ba a san shi sosai a matsayin kayan kida na solo ba, 'yan wasa kamar Trevor Groom da David King sun nuna yiwuwar ƙaho na baritone.

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Trombone na contrabass shine mafi zurfin murya na dangin trombone, yana sauti a ƙasa da octave a ƙarƙashin trombone na tenor kuma galibi yana faɗaɗa zuwa B0 (kimanin 29 Hz). Babban bututun sa da bawul da yawa suna sa ya zama mai matukar buƙata a zahiri. Ba a taɓa samunsa a waje da manyan mawaƙa da kuma ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na fim.

  • Aikin a cikin ƙungiyar: FLT:1 An yi amfani da shi don ƙananan sakamako, kamar a cikin Richard Strausss FlT:2 Hakanan sprach Zarathustra (mashahurin buɗewa), ko a cikin kayan zamani waɗanda ke buƙatar sautin ƙwanƙolin ƙararrawa.
  • 'Yan wasa don sani: Donald R. Shamber, Jürgen Schier, da wasu ƙwararrun masu wasan kwaikwayo sun zama masu tallata wannan kayan aiki mai ban mamaki.

Bambanci Mai Muhimmanci a Wasan Wasan Wasan da Kuma Gina

Bambanci na farko na jiki tsakanin ƙananan kayan aikin tagulla ya ƙare zuwa bayanan bore conical vs. cylindrical. Tubas, euphoniums, da ƙahonin baritone sun fi yawa conical: bututun ya faɗaɗa a hankali daga bakin zuwa ƙararrawa. Wannan ƙirar tana haifar da zagaye, duhu mai duhu tare da ƙarancin juriya. Trombones, a gefe guda, galibi cylindrical ne (daidaita diamita) har zuwa faɗaɗa ƙarshe kusa da ƙararrawa, wanda ke haifar da haske, sauti mai ma'ana wanda ke nunawa cikin inganci.

Wani bambanci shine bawul ko tsarin slide. Tubas, euphoniums, da baritones suna amfani da piston ko bawul mai juyawa don canza sautin. Trombones suna amfani da slide, wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da sautin sautin (glisando na gaskiya) amma yana buƙatar motsi na hannu. Bass trombone da contrabass trombone suna haɓaka slide tare da bawul don biyan ƙarin tsawon bututu, yana sa wasu matsayi na slide su zama masu sarrafawa. Wannan ƙirar haɗin gwiwa tana ba bass trombone mafi kyawun duniyoyi biyu: sassauci na slide don haɗuwa da ƙananan sautin da aka taimaka wa bawul.

Matsayi a Cikin Nau'in Kiɗa

Waƙar Waƙar

A cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, tuba ita ce kayan aiki na ƙaramin ƙarfe, galibi ana tallafawa ta da bas trombone. Euphonium ba shi da yawa a cikin kundin waƙoƙin mawaƙa na yau da kullun, sai dai a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa kamar Gustav Mahler (wanda ya rubuta shi a cikin Symphony No. 7) ko Richard Strauss.

Masu wasan mawaƙa na ƙaramin ƙarfe na mawaƙa dole ne su yi fice a haɗuwa da igiyoyi da iska na itace yayin da suke kula da ikon yanke ta cikin ƙungiyar a lokutan ban mamaki. Tubar sau da yawa tana ninka bas biyu da octave ƙasa, yana ƙarfafa tushen jituwa. Trombone na bass sau da yawa yana da layin da ke da nauyi ga ɓangaren mawaƙa.

Ƙungiyoyin Waƙoƙi da Sojoji

Ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka da ƙungiyoyin soja suna amfani da cikakken ɓangaren ƙaramin ƙarfe: tubas (sau da yawa mahara), euphoniums (ko baritones), da kuma bass trombones. Euphonium a nan ya zama murya mai sauƙi, mai iya ɗaukar waƙa ta waƙa ko haɗuwa da yanayin jituwa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙarfe na gargajiya na Burtaniya suna da kayan aiki na musamman wanda ya haɗa da euphoniums da yawa, baritones, da tubas amma ba a cikin ma'anar gargajiya ba (suna amfani da tenor da bass trombones, amma ɓangaren ya fi ƙarami). Ana sarrafa daidaiton tsakanin kayan aikin conical da cylindrical a hankali don cimma halayen brass band sound.

Jazz da Kiɗa na Kasuwanci

A cikin jazz na babban rukuni, bass trombone shine sarki. Ƙarfin ƙarancin rikodinsa da ikon aiwatar da saurin magana ya sa ya zama dole ga sashin sautin da kuma aikin solo. Tubas suna bayyana a cikin jazz a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban: tuba ita ce ainihin kayan aikin bass a farkon jazz na New Orleans, kuma ya sake farfadowa a cikin jazz na zamani da kuma gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun gungun g

Hotunan fina-finai da na zamani

Masu rikodin fina-finai na zamani suna dogaro da bass trombone da contrabass trombone (na gaske ko kuma na haɗaka) don tasirin low-end mai ban mamaki. Tubar tana ba da sauti mai ɗorewa, mai tushe wanda galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin jigogi na almara. Masu rikodin gargajiya na zamani wani lokacin suna kiran euphonium a cikin ayyukan ɗakin gida ko a matsayin kayan aiki na solo, suna bincika yiwuwar sa na magana a waje da al'adun ƙungiyar.

Umurni Mai Amfani don Zaɓin Kayan Aiki

Sa'ad da kake zaɓar kayan aiki da ba su da ƙarfe mai yawa, ka yi la'akari da waɗannan dalilai:

  • Yarinya da girman mai kunnawa: Ƙananan ko ƙananan mawaƙa sukan fara a kan ƙaho na baritone ko euphonium saboda sun fi haske kuma suna da ƙananan ƙaho. Tuba na iya zama mai yawa ga ƙaramin yaro; wasu shirye-shirye suna farawa da ƙaramin E tuba kafin su koma babban BB.
  • Manufofin kiɗa: Idan mai kunnawa yana son yin wasan kida, tuba ko bass trombone shine hanyar da aka saba. Don solo ko ɗakin mayar da hankali, euphonium yana ba da wadataccen kundin.
  • Kasafin kuɗi da wadatarwa: Baritones da euphoniums na ɗalibai suna da arha. Tuba masu sana'a da bass trombones na iya kashe dubban daloli. Kirar wani zaɓi ne mai inganci ga masu farawa.
  • Fitaccen kayan aiki: Kowane kayan aiki yana buƙatar takamaiman kofin bakin da girman ƙugiya. Fitaccen dacewa yana da mahimmanci don samar da sautin da jimiri. Yi shawara da malami ko ƙwararren ɗan wasa kafin sayen.

Don ƙarin cikakkun jagororin sayan, bincika albarkatu kamar jagorar siyan kayan masarufi na Director na Band s ko jagororin masu koyar da Connor-Selmer .

Nasihu don Kula da Rayuwa Mai Tsawo

Kayan aiki masu ƙananan ƙarfe suna da girma kuma suna buƙatar kulawa mai daidaito. Kulawa ta yau da kullun ya haɗa da bawul din mai ko lubricating slide, tsabtace murfin, da goge waje. Kulawa ta mako-mako ya kamata ta ƙunshi wanka mai laushi tare da ruwa mai dumi da sabulu mai laushi don cire ragowar da aka gina, sannan kuma a bushe shi da hankali. Kula da slides na daidaitawaYa kamata su motsa cikin 'yanci, kuma idan sun makale, ɗauki kayan aikin zuwa ga mai fasaha.

Don trombones, slide shine mafi mahimmanci. Ka kiyaye shi ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ba kuma ka yi amfani da cream ko man shafawa a kai a kai. Don tubas, babban ƙararrawa zai iya kamawa a kan ɗakunan karatu ko kujeru; koyaushe yi amfani da ɗakunan tuba mai ƙarfi yayin atisaye.

Ayyuka da Rubutu Masu Muhimmanci da Za a Yi Bincike

Sauraron misali na wasan kwaikwayo hanya ce mai kyau don fahimtar muryar kowane kayan aiki.

  • Tuba: Vaughan Williams Tuba Concerto ] wanda James Gourlay ya yi; Mahler Symphony No. 2 ] tare da Symphony Orchestra na Chicago (Gene Pokorny, tuba).
  • Euphonium: FLT:1]] Euphonium Concerto na Joseph Horovitz wanda David Childs ya yi; Paganini Variations na Philip Wilby (Steven Mead).
  • Taron bass na bass na John Stevens; Mahler Symphony No. 5 (bas trombone solos).
  • Baritone Horn: [1] Rubutun rukuni na jan ƙarfe kamar [2] Brass a Concert [3] da Black Dyke Band suka yi.
  • Trombone: Richard Strauss s FLT: 2 Har ila yau sprach Zarathustra FLT: 3 ; zaɓuɓɓuka daga fim din The Lord of the Rings FLT: 5 .

Don cikakken bayani, tashar YouTube ta Ƙungiyar Trombone ta Duniya ta FLT: 0 tana da yawancin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙananan ƙarfe.

Ƙarshen

Kayan aiki na ƙaramin ƙarfe sun fi sauƙi fiye da masu samar da ƙananan ƙarfe; kowannensu yana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka samo asali daga tarihinsa, gininsa, da rawar da yake takawa. Tubar tana ba da tushe mafi zurfi, euphonium yana raira waƙa da dumi, bass trombone yana ba da umarni da ƙarfi, ƙaho na baritone yana ƙara haske, kuma contrabass trombone yana bincika ƙasa. Ganin waɗannan bambance-bambance yana wadatar da kowane ƙwarewar kiɗako kuna koya wa ɗalibi sautin farko, rubuta sabon aiki, ko kuma kawai sauraro da hankali. Duniya ta ƙaramin ƙarfe tana da girma da wadata, kuma masu kunnawa sune ƙirar da ba a raira ba ta da kyau na ƙungiyar.